Sources

What has been read, and what has only been identified

Named so that every claim on this site can be traced back, and so that the gap between what is actually held and what is merely known to exist stays visible.

Read, and cited

• Bundesarchiv, Gedenkbuch — Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945, online edition, read 14 September 2026. Entries en1100957 (Jacob), en909753 (Samuel), en1100894 (Oskar), en1100801 (Georg). Also the surname search returning 50 Leibholz entries, which is what showed the two family clusters.
• MyHeritage, Defranceski family site, family tree 9 — 164 individuals and 648 facts, read 14 September 2026. The spine of this archive and the thing most of the work consists of checking.
• MyHeritage DNA — ethnicity estimate and match list for Lynn Derrick Luwinski's kit, read 14 September 2026.
• FamilySearch, South Africa, Civil Marriage Records, 1840–1973 — Kurt Luwinski and Ivone de Figueiredo de Witt, 19 June 1948, Johannesburg, certificate 858 (1:1:6ZHT-WSJM); Morris Isaac Salkow and Ivone Luwinski, 13 February 1953 (1:1:6ZHR-B6Y3). Hanover, Orange Free State records, for the 1956 marriage — but see the next entry: the citation is the film group's catalogue title, not the contents of the frame.
• Marriage register, entry No. 169 of 1956, form B.M.D. 3 (a) — Kurt Luwinski and Frances Sefton, formerly Berner, born Hostovsky, 29 February 1956, Johannesburg, Transvaal. Held in the MyHeritage tree as photo 9500001, catalogued there as record-image_ and attached to Frances; original scan 3,918 × 5,245 px, read at full resolution 14 September 2026. Every field transcribed in notes/marriage-register-1956.md. The frame is plainly Johannesburg, whatever the film group is called.
• MyHeritage Y-DNA, kit MH-7GGV62, read 14 September 2026 — haplogroup R-S11477, reported as nested within R-Z381, haplogroup family R1b/Z381, parent node R-FGC13328; with the Country Frequency table for 74 testers. MyHeritage labels its own call a low-resolution estimate (microarray, not Big Y), and the Y-DNA pages are powered by FamilyTreeDNA. Phylogeny and frequencies for R-U106/Z381, and Ashkenazi Y-haplogroup frequencies, from the published literature — see notes/ydna-result.md for the working.
• Gazettes.Africa (Laws.Africa / AfricanLII) — a free, full-text searchable archive of African government gazettes; 54,313 South African issues. A search for Luwinski returns eight, giving the Piccadilly Hat Company notices of 1940–52 and two for Pauline in 1972 and 1975. Transcribed in notes/piccadilly-hat-company.md. Its Mozambique run begins only in 1975, so the colonial Boletim Oficial is not there.
• FamilyTreeDNA Discover (public, no account), haplogroup R-S11477 — ancestral path, age estimates, the 42 downstream branches, and the Suggested Projects listing that names the surname projects on the branch. Read 14 September 2026.
• MyHeritage DNA Matches, Derrick's kit, name or ancestral surname search across all 5,464 matches, 14 September 2026. Results in notes/surname-sweep.md. Match holders are living and are described by role, country and shared centimorgans only.
• National Archives of South Africa (NAAIRS), read 14 September 2026. All 43 documents indexed under FIGUEIREDO, saved to data/naairs-figueiredo.tsv — among them WLD 1950/1948, which gives Ivone's birth name in full. Also the seven under LUWINSKI, including the estate file TAB MHG 7584/69, and the single document under the variant spelling LUWINSKY.
• Stolpersteine Berlin — checked for Leibholz stones; those found (Willmanndamm 6, Danckelmannstraße 44) belong to other Leibholz families.

Identified, not yet worked

• Conservatória do Registo Civil do Porto · Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique, Maputo · Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, Lisbon
• Landesarchiv Berlin — Schöneberg registers of birth, marriage, divorce and death
• Arolsen Archives · Yad Vashem Central Database of Shoah Victims · Mapping the Lives, built on the 17 May 1939 census
• Master of the Supreme Court, Pretoria — estate file 7584/1969
• Schubin (Szubin) and Hammerstein (Czarne) Jewish registers
• Allenstein and Kreis Rössel Catholic parish registers

On the family tree as a source

It is a good tree and it is not an archive. It carries certified citations alongside family estimates, at the same apparent weight, and it contains at least two duplicated people. Three of its statements are contradicted here on the evidence: Jacob Leibholz's death year, Georg Leibholz's parentage, and the February 1948 marriage date. That is not a complaint. A tree that records what the family believed is exactly the right thing to start from, and the corrections were only possible because it recorded enough to be checked.