Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe
THE MAN WHO PROVED THE CONVERGENCE. He carries BOTH of this family's Kolbe names at once — FREDERIK FORTUNATUS off his grandfather, DOWNING off a London marriage of 1819 — and a London surname has no business in the eastern Transvaal except through that wedding. Born seventy-two years after it. Married HESTER GERBINA SUSANNA JOUBERT at Volksrust at twenty-one, the clerk writing his second name as “Daomig”. Dead at Wakkerstroom on 2 November 1918, four months after his brother Daniel, which is the influenza.
Every record naming Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe →
No family is drawn here, because none is recorded. This archive holds Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe as a name on a document — a witness at a font, a signature on a form, a person named in someone else's list — and has no record of who their parents, spouse or children were. That is a statement about the sources, not about the person. Every record naming them →
The record
| Name | Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe |
| Also written | Frederik Fortunetus Daomig Kolbe, on his own marriage entry |
| Born | 1891, Wakkerstroom |
| Died | 2 Nov 1918, Wakkerstroom — aged 27 |
| Line | Kolbe |
| Confidence | Documented |
What the archive holds
THE MAN WHO PROVED THE CONVERGENCE. He carries BOTH of this family's Kolbe names at once — FREDERIK FORTUNATUS off his grandfather, DOWNING off a London marriage of 1819 — and a London surname has no business in the eastern Transvaal except through that wedding. Born seventy-two years after it. Married HESTER GERBINA SUSANNA JOUBERT at Volksrust at twenty-one, the clerk writing his second name as “Daomig”. Dead at Wakkerstroom on 2 November 1918, four months after his brother Daniel, which is the influenza.
Where the archive puts Frederik
Each carries the document that puts them there. The atlas →
The Kolbes
…Elizabeth Johanna , baptised at Colesberg in 1876, marries John Charles Pattison there at twenty-one. In both cases the age on the marriage agrees with the font to the year. This is the second proof of the Wakkerstroom connection, and it is the better one. The first was a name: Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe , born at Wakkerstroom in 1891, carrying a London surname that has no business in the eastern Transvaal except through a Shoreditch wedding of 1819. That was decisive but it was a single word on a single record. This is a household — a father, a mother, eight fonts in three towns, and three of the children turning up together at the far end. Names can be coincidence. A family moving is not.…
Everyone
…AND SHE MARRIES AT WAKKERSTROOM: Elizabeth Johanna Kolbe, aged 21, to JOHN CHARLES PATTISON — the ages agree with the font to the year. The second of her father's children to be found in the eastern Transvaal. The Kolbes The Women Wakkerstroom Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe also written Frederik Fortunetus Daomig Kolbe, on his own marriage entry Documented 61 mentions 1891, Wakkerstroom 2 Nov 1918, Wakkerstroom — aged 27 THE MAN WHO PROVED THE CONVERGENCE.…
A.M. Kolbe of Piet Retief
…Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …Kolbe of Piet Retief 23 Feb 1836 – 7 Jan 1913, Piet Retief A.M. Kolbe of Piet Retief 4 May 1843 – 21 Sep 1907, Piet Retief P.J.…
Anna Jacoba van der Merwe
…a van der Merwe …WERDMULLER OF BURGHERSDORP, married at W Charlotte Anne Callaghan c.… Elizabeth Johanna du Toit …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O. WERDMULLER OF BURGHERSDORP, married at W Charlotte Anne Callaghan c.… Elizabeth Johanna Kolbe …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …The Kolbes The Women Wakkerstroom Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe also written Frederik Fortunetus Daomig Kolbe, on his own marriage entry Documented 68 mentions 1891, Wakkerstroom 2 Nov 1918, Wakkerstroom — aged 27 THE MAN WHO PROVED THE CONVERGENCE.… Amy Werdmuller …1859 – 17 Feb 1891, Hoopstad, Orange Free State — age… Anna Jacoba van der Merwe …WERDMULLER OF BURGHERSDORP, married at W Char…
Charles Andrew Werdmuller
…Otto Werdmuller …He is at Burgersdorp again on 7 JULY 1874, married BY SPECIAL LICENCE by the Rev.… Daniel Jakobus Kolbe …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Elizabeth Johanna Kolbe …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Charles Mountjoy …family had moved from Dordrecht by 1891.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …WERDMULLER OF BURGHERSDORP, married at W Charlotte Anne Callaghan c.… Coenraad Johannes Otto Werdmuller …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Coenrad Syb… Charlotte Anne Callaghan …SEVEN YEARS LATER SHE WAS DEAD AT THIRTY-TWO, at Hoopstad, “after a long illness”, and a correspondent’s obituary in the Queenstown Free Press adds that she had arrived there only a few mo…
Charlotte Anne Callaghan
…; married Charles Andrew Werdmuller on 13 February 1884.… Charles Mountjoy …IAL LICENCE by the Rev.… Daniel Jakobus Kolbe …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Elizabeth Johanna Kolbe …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Charles Mountjoy …family had moved from Dordrecht by 1891.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …WERDMULLER OF BURGHERSDORP, married at W Charlotte Anne Callaghan c.… Coenraad Johannes Otto Werdmuller …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Coenrad Sybert van Staden …M,… Catharina Maria Lo… Coenrad Sybert van Staden …a Ross …e — – bef.… Beatrix Mag… Cornelia Herculena Petronella Barry …FROM THE INDEX.… Cornelis Philippus Roodt …rry of 1871 …a Catharina Booyzen ………
Coenraad Johannes Otto Werdmuller
…Otto Werdmuller …He is at Burgersdorp again on 7 JULY 1874, married BY SPECIAL LICENCE by the Rev.… Daniel Jakobus Kolbe …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Elizabeth Johanna Kolbe …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Charles Mountjoy …family had moved from Dordrecht by 1891.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …WERDMULLER OF BURGHERSDORP, married at W… Charlotte Anne Callaghan …He is at Burgersdorp again on 7 JULY 1874, married BY SPECIAL LICENCE by the Rev.… A Werdmuller child of 1857 …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Charlotte Kolbe …WERDMULLER OF BURGHERSDORP, married at W Charlotte Anne Callaghan c.… Coenraad Johannes Otto Werdmuller …WERDMULLER OF BURGHERSDORP, mar…
Cornelia Herculena Petronella Barry
…ird named Barry farm, after Manorowen and Jerpoint. FROM THE INDEX.… Cornelis Philippus Roodt …atis Moeder: Catharina Maria Elizabeth Roodt.… Catharina Maria Louisa Kolbe …Two aunts' names run together: CATHERINE MARIA SOPHIA, born 1825,… Cecil Frederik Keys …Margaretha Aletta Mountjoy the second… Charles Mountjoy …om Dordrecht by 1891.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …WERDMULLER OF BURGHERSDORP, married at W Charlotte Anne Callaghan c.… Coenraad Johannes Otto Werdmuller …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Coenrad Sybert van Staden …M,… Catharina Maria Lo… Coenrad Sybert van Staden …a Ross …e — – bef.… Beatrix Mag… Cornelia Herculena Petronella Barry …FROM THE INDEX.… Cornelis Philippus Roodt …rry of 1871 …a Catharina Booyzen ………
Daniel Jakobus Kolbe
…This is a household — a father, a mother, eight fonts in three towns, and three of the children turning up together at the far end. Names can be coincidence. A family moving is not. 1918, four months apart Daniel Jakobus Kolbe , born 3 May 1893, died 19 June 1918 at Wakkerstroom, aged 25. Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe , born 1891, died 2 November 1918 at Wakkerstroom, aged 27. Two brothers, four months apart, in the year of the influenza. Their father outlived them both by thirty-six years.… Everyone …She is also godmother at Burgersdorp in 1853, two entries above her sister Mary Elizabeth's son.…
Elizabeth Johanna du Toit
…WERDMULLER OF BURGHERSDORP, married at W Charlotte Anne Callaghan c.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Others on the Kolbe side Margaretha Wilhelmina Elizabeth Mary Kolbe 1826 – 2 Aug 1912, Manorowen, Barkly East — estate 1291 A Werdmuller child of 1857 14 Feb 1857, baptised 10 Apr 1857 at Burgersdorp – — G.A. Kolbe of Piet Retief 23 Feb 1836 – 7 Jan 1913, Piet Retief A.M.…
Elizabeth Johanna Kolbe
…Otto Werdmuller …He is at Burgersdorp again on 7 JULY 1874, married BY SPECIAL LICENCE by the Rev.… Daniel Jakobus Kolbe …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Elizabeth Johanna Kolbe …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Charles Mountjoy …family had moved from Dordrecht by 1891.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …WERDMULLER OF BURGHERSDORP, married at W Charlotte Anne Callaghan c.… Coenraad Johannes Otto Werdmuller …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Coenrad Sybert van Staden …M,… Catharina Maria Lo… Coenrad Sybert… Charlotte Kolbe …rgersdorp in 1853, two entries above her sister Mary… Anna Susanna Booijzen …The Documents The Women Benjamin Jacobus van Niekerk… Carolina Isa…
Elizabetha Margaretha Marais the elder
…871 …14 Mar 1879 George Alphonso Barry b.… Catherine Mary Sophia Barry of 1855 …3 Mar 1881 Anton Rector Kolbe Barry b. 3 Nov 1882 Miny Barry b.… Aubrey Diesel …9 May 1873 Margaret Elizabeth Annie Barry b.… Elizabetha Margaretha Marais the elder …Barry …Identity unproven; the district is not.… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …Barry …FROM THE INDEX.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …rn Transvaal.… Edith Dorothy Daschner …20 Jan 1930 record Henry Jame… Dav… Elesabettha Maria Cornelya Booijsen …he family tree, u… David Schalk Booysen …Parents Charles Petrus Barend Lowies… David Schalk Booyzen of 1940 …hanus Francois Booyzen c.… Cecil Frederik Keys …Parents Charles Petrus Barend Lowies c… Charles Mountjoy …1788), and…… Elizabetha Margaretha Marais the elder …FROM THE INDEX.… F…
Ellen Sophia Schmidt
…arda Barry …The second Barry–Schoeman link.… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …Barry …FROM THE INDEX.… Frederick Fortunatus Barry …3 Nov 1882 Miny Barry b.… Aubrey Diesel …9 May 1873 Margaret Elizabeth Annie Barry b.… Elizabetha Margaretha Marais the elder …Barry …Identity unproven; the district is not.… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …Barry …FROM THE INDEX.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …elder …FROM THE INDEX.… Frederick Fortunatus Barry …on the 1915 death notice.… Cla… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …Names can be coincidence.… Others on the Booyzen side Gerthardus Lodewikus Booysen THE ONE DOCUMENT THAT NAMES HIM HAS BEEN WEAKENED, AND BY SOMEBODY WHO Magdelena Elisabeth de Beer 1754 – 1843 Petrus Jacobus Booysen c.… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …ine, argued… Elizabeth Johanna du To…
Elsje Petronella Frederika Mountjoy
…arda Barry …The second Barry–Schoeman link.… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …Barry …FROM THE INDEX.… Frederick Fortunatus Barry …3 Nov 1882 Miny Barry b.… Aubrey Diesel …9 May 1873 Margaret Elizabeth Annie Barry b.… Elizabetha Margaretha Marais the elder …Barry …Identity unproven; the district is not.… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …Barry …FROM THE INDEX.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …rn Transvaal.… Others on the Booyzen side Gerthardus Lodewikus Booysen THE O… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …a record this archive has read.… Elisabetha Maria Lubbe …ention, page by page The household… Elisabetta Johanna Sophia Myburgh …th Dorothy Daschner …le… Elizabeth Anna Bronkhorst …s own marriage entry Documented 13 mentions 1891, Wakk… Di… Elsje Petronella Frederika Mountjoy …Booyzen married Johan…
Emma Jane Mountjoy
…hanna du Toit …d Maria Louisa… Emma Jane Mountjoy …d this archive has… Elizabeth Johanna… Evert Philip Boshoff …Bronkhorst …lesabettha Maria Cornelya… Ewert Philippus Booyzen …940 1913 – 1982 Ewert Philippus Bo… Ferdinand Kumm …a Booyzen …before 1940 the direct line, ar… Fred J.… Frederick Fortunatus Barry …Barry …X.… Emma Jane Mountjoy… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …, AND BY SOMEBODY WH… Elizabeth Johanna Kolbe …ieta Booyzen …3 Mar 1927 record Edith Dorothy Daschner b.… Elizabeth Margarietha Booijzen …16 Jul 1853 Jan Gerhardus… Elizabetha Margaretha Marais the elder …4.… Elizabeth… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …FROM THE INDEX.… Elsje Petronella Fr… Elsje Petronella Frederika Mountjoy …Petrus Jacobus Booyze… Emma Jane Mountjoy …ooysen 21 Sep 1842 – bef.… Ferdinand K…
Ewert Philippus Booyzen
…n …before 1940 the direct line, ar… Fred J.… Frederick Fortunatus Barry …Barry …X.… Emma Jane Mountjoy …10 Sep 1839 Anna Catharina Booysen 21 Sep 1842 – bef.… Ferdinand Kumm …lisabetha Maria Lubbe …Oct 1848 – 5 Jun 1905 Booyzen married Johanna Elena Stols b.… Elizabeth Anna Bronkhorst …ta Booyzen …Oct 1874 – 14 May 1940 record Beatrix M… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …ronkhorst …s own marriage entry Documented 13 mentions 1891, Wakk… Di… Elsje Petronella Frederika Mountjoy …Booyzen married Johanna Elena Stols b.… Gabriel Stephanus Kolbe …Parents Charles Petrus Barend Lowies c.…… Frederick Fortunatus Barry …not.… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …s — — Named f… Ferdinand Kumm …etronella Frederika Mountjoy …INDEX.… Ewert Philippus Booyzen …25 Feb 1932 record Yvonne Muriel…
Ferdinand Kumm
…acobus Booys… Diederik Arnoldus Booysen …tree, unverified All 2 relationships sh… Fred J.… Frederick Fortunatus Barry …3 Nov 1882 Miny Barry b.… Aubrey Diesel …9 May 1873 Margaret Elizabeth Annie Barry b.… Elizabetha Margaretha Marais the elder …Barry …Identity unproven; the district is not.… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …Barry …FROM THE INDEX.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …hia Myburgh …th Dorothy Daschner …le… Elizabeth Anna Bronkhorst …s own marriage entry Documented 13 mentions 1891, Wakk… Di… Elsje Petronella Frederika Mountjoy …Booyzen married Johanna Elena Stols b.… Gabriel Stephanus Kolbe …Parents Charles Petrus Barend Lowies c.…… Frederick Fortunatus Barry …not.… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …s — — Named f… Ferdinand Kumm …etronella Frederika Mountjoy …INDEX.… Ewer…
Fred J. Barry
…Relationship to this family unproven; the middle initial does not match Frederick Fortunatus. The Rebels Frederick Fortunatus Barry Documented 103 mentions 10 Nov 1863, baptised 10 Jul 1864 at Dordrecht — Carries the Kolbe given name Fortunatus.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe ……3 Mar 1927 record E… Others on the Barry side Catherine Maria Sophia “Kathleen” Barry 4 Aug 1859 – 1940, Johannesburg — buried 6 Sep, New Cemetery, grave 976… Ellen Sophia Schmidt ……INDEX.… Ewert Philippus Booyzen …25 Feb 1932 record Yvonne Muriel Daschner b.… Elizab… Fred J.… Ferdinand Kumm …lesabettha Maria Cornelya Booij… Elizabeth… Fred J.…
Frederick Fortunatus Barry
…oy …Barry …FROM THE INDEX.… Frederick Fortunatus Barry …The Register Fred J.… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …Barry …FROM THE INDEX.… Elsje Petronella Frederika Mountjoy …The 1942 Daschner notice → Married at Indwe — the… Elizabetha Maria Lowies …s the whole of what this archive…… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …the direct line, argued on the l… E… Fred J.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …from a record this archive has read infe… Ellen Hendrika Barry …pgen …Parents J… Elsje Petronella Frederika Mountjoy …egister Fred J.… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …Barry …FROM THE INDEX.… Elsje Petronella Frederika Mountjoy …The 1942 Daschner notice → Married at Indwe — the… Elizabetha Maria Lowies …s the whole of what this archive…… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …the direct line, argued on the l… E… Fred J.… E…
Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe
…Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe — The Booyzen Archive Skip to the content The Booyzen Archive Menu Start Home The trees Our line, drawn The Atlas The Timeline Our line The Spine The Rebels Johannesburg The Name The families The Barrys The Kolbes The Women The Cousin Marriage The work The Documents The Plates The Namesakes People & places The People The Register Households Marriages Places Evidence Disputed Errands Sources What…
Frederik Fortunatus Kolbe
…Kolbe of Piet Retief 4 May 1843 – 21 Sep 1907, Piet Retief P.J.… Amy Werdmuller …tate — aged 32 Amy Werdmuller “MARTINEAU — WERDMULLER — On July 31 [1909], at EAST LONDON, HORACE RO John Kolbe Godfather at the Burgersdorp font on 23 October 1853, standing for his George Kolbe Godfather at the same font, the same day.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Frederik Fortunatus Kolbe …The Kolbes Wakkerstroom Namesakes Frederik Fortunatus Kolbe Documented 75 mentions 1839, Bethulie, Orange Free State — THE SOURCE OF THE FORTUNATUS NAME across three families — and, as of 14 September 2026, A MAN WITH A HOUSEHOLD.…
Fritz Johannes Mountjoy
…Augustus Barry …e Mountjoy… Gabriel Stephanus Kolbe… Frederick Fortunatus Barry …HIM HAS BEEN WEAKENED, AND BY SOMEBODY WHO Magdelena Elisabeth de Beer 1754 – 1843 Petrus Jacobus Booysen c.… Ewert Philippus Booyzen …… Ewert Philippus Booyzen …3 Mar 1… Elizabetha Margaretha Marais the elder… Fred J. Barry …Barry …2 are inferred from one.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …That was decisive but it was a single word on a single record.… Elizabetha Margaretha Marais the elder …Barry …Identity unproven; the district is not.… Elizabetha Maria Lowies …ve Elizabeth Anna Bronk… Elizabet… Frederik Fortunatus Kolbe …arkly East.… Annie Louisa Nepge… Fritz Johannes Mountjoy ….… Evert Philip Boshoff …ippus Booyzen Stephanus Francois Booyzen the younger 1918 – 1991 Willem Hend…
G.A. Kolbe of Piet Retief
…Kolbe of Piet Retief Aug 1865 – 28 Nov 1919, Piet Retief John Gerson Eliezar Kolbe 7 Jul 1822, Uitenhage – 3 Apr 1868, the farm Leeuwberg — aged 45 Anna Jacoba van der Merwe Married JOHN GERSON ELIEZAR KOLBE on 3 APRIL 1843 and was widowed on t Coenraad Johannes Otto Werdmuller — – bef.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …Kolbe of Piet Retief 23 Feb 1836 – 7 Jan 1913, Piet Retief A.M. Kolbe of Piet Retief 4 May 1843 – 21 Sep 1907, Piet Retief P.J.…
Gabriel Jacobus Lowies
….… George Alphonso Barry …Barry …tjoy c.… Gabriel Jacobus Lowies …10 Jun 1882 James Jonathan Keys b.… Fred J.… Gabriel Jacobus Lowies …18… Frederick Fortunatus Barry …wies …c.… Elsje Petronella Frederika Mountjoy …16 Feb 1904 Willem He… Ferdinand Kumm …Oct 1848 – 5 Jun 1905 Booyzen married Johanna Elena Stols b.… Gabriel Stephanus Kolbe… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …us Kolbe …sehol… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …g Kolbe …The Register Households Marriages Places Evidence Disputed Errands Sour… Gabriel Stephanus Kolbe …13 Mar 1847 William Barry b.… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …Fred J.… Ellen Sophia S… Frederik Fortunatus Kolbe …c.… Fritz Johannes Mountjoy …llen Hendrika Barry… Ewert Philip… Gabriel Jacobus Lowies …He… Ferdinand Kumm …Oct 1848 – 5 J…
Gabriel Stephanus Kolbe
…us Barry …not.… Ellen Sophia Schmidt …s — — Named f… Ferdinand Kumm …etronella Frederika Mountjoy …INDEX.… Ewert Philippus Booyzen …25 Feb 1932 record Yvonne Muriel… Ferdinand Kumm …J.… Fritz Johannes Mountjoy …Jun 1854 – 22 Dec 1937 record Mar… Gabriel Jacobus Lowies …Oct 1848 – 5 Jun 1905 record Johanna Elena Stols b.… Fred J.… George… Frederik Fortunatus Downing Kolbe …WERDMULLER OF BURGHERSDORP, married at W Charlotte Anne Callaghan c.… Frederik Fortunatus Kolbe …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O.… Frederik Fortunatus Kolbe …WERDMULLER OF BURGHERSDORP, married at W Charlotte Anne Callaghan c.… Frederik Fortunatus Kolbe …Feb 1884 Charles Andrew Werdmuller SECOND SON OF THE LATE C.J.O. WERDMULLER OF BURGHERSDORP, married at W Charl…
George Alphonso Barry
…FROM THE INDEX.… Catherine Maria Sophia “Kathleen” Barry …1894 – 25 Oct 1918 inferred George Downing Mountjoy Booyzen 1 Jun 1901 – 11 Dec 1947 direct line 9 siblings John Augustus Barry II b.…
Others on the Kolbe side
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