Leaving

Married. Reads and writes Italian. Nationality Italian — and in the «Race or people» column the clerk first wrote Slovenian and then wrote over it, which is the whole Istrian question in one struck word. Last permanent residence Venezia G., Pedena. Nearest relative in the country whence the alien came: «Wife Defranceschi Marta — Pedena». Final destination New York, and the clerk has struck «New York» and written Brooklyn. So he left his wife behind at Pedena and went to Brooklyn — where, this page already records, he was naturalised nine days after landing.

Single. Reads, and writes Italian. Nationality Italian. Last permanent residence Venezia G., Gallignana. Nearest relative: «Father Antonio — Gallignano». Final destination New York, New York. Her father is therefore a second Antonio De Franceschi, living at Gallignana in 1922 — not the thirty-five-year-old mason of Pedena four lines above her, whose named relative is a wife. A man this archive did not have.

This page says elsewhere that no Trieste departure list has yet been found, and calls it the largest gap on the leaving side. For these two it is not the gap: they sailed from Genoa. Istria had been Italian since 1920, and an Istrian emigrating in 1922 was an Italian emigrant using an Italian port. The Trieste manifests matter for the Austro-Hungarian decades before 1914; after Rapallo the road runs the other way, down the peninsula.

The same sheet carries «ANICIC GIUSEPPINA, 26, domestic, Venezia G. Pedena, father Antonio — Pedena, Pa. Philadelphia», and below the two De Franceschi a run of names from Knezak, Volosca, Francic and Hrasce, most of them entered as Slovenian. One sheet of one ship out of Genoa in the summer of 1922 is carrying the Pićan country away in a body.

The Eleven's tenth child was Gioacchino, called Bruno, born at Gračišće on 12 August 1907, died 6 July 2000 and buried at Nine Partners Cemetery, Millbrook, New York. This archive had his stone, and on it a wife whose surname it could only read as «Gerda Se…». Findmypast has four rows that close it: · Bruno de Franceschi, b. 1907 — United States Naturalization Petitions, New York, 1939 · Bruno de Franceschi Or Seedorf, b. 1907 — United States Naturalization Petitions, New York, 1942 · Gerda de Franceschi, b. 1913 — United States Naturalization Petitions, New York, 1939 · Gerda de Franceschi — United States Naturalization Petitions, New York, 1944 The surname on the Millbrook stone is Seedorf. Bruno and Gerda petitioned for citizenship in New York in the same year, 1939, and each petitioned again in the war years. Bruno's second petition is indexed under both names, which is how a clerk records a man whose household goes by two. Bruno born 1907 in the parish book, Bruno born 1907 in a New York courthouse, Bruno born 1907 on a stone in Dutchess County. The reunion album, the register and the federal court agree.

Matching only on birth year, which is all an index gives: · Antonio «Tony», born 18 February 1887 → de Franceschi Antonio, b. 1887, arriving 1922. · Giuseppe «Uncle Joe», born 3 March 1892 → Defranceschi Joseph, b. 1892 — naturalisation petitions, New York, 1912, 1915 and 1916, and a passenger list of 1921. · Albina, born 14 April 1900, who died at Brooklyn in 1945 → de Franceschi Albina, b. 1900, arriving 1922. · Gioacchino «Bruno», born 12 August 1907 → above. Antonio and Albina both arriving in 1922 is the detail worth having: brother and sister, thirteen years apart in age, crossing in the same year. This archive had 1922 for neither.

The Eleven's youngest, Basilio, born 29 September 1909, went to New York; his sons Dario (born at Gračišće 26 September 1937, died 1991) and Benito are already on this site from American death records. Findmypast puts all three on passenger lists within two years: Basilio, 1956. Dario, 1956. Benito, 1955 and 1956 — and a Benito as early as 1935. Whatever the individual voyages were, a father and two sons crossing in the same eighteen months is a family being reunited, not three men emigrating. Two more that look like the American-born generation coming home: Joseph, b. 1928 and Joseph J, b. 1925, both on passenger lists in 1945. And Richard de Franceschi, b. 1932 — naturalisation petitions, New York, 1939, which is what a child on a parent's petition looks like.

Strip out the people and look at the shape. The commonest thing in these 274 rows is not a man arriving once. It is the same man arriving three times. · Antonio, b. 1875 — 1922, 1925, 1928. · Luigi, b. 1873 — 1907, 1920, 1934. · Giovanni, b. 1877 — 1903, 1922, 1928. · Giovanni, b. 1883 — 1905, 1910, and the Vermont border in 1915. · Teresa, b. 1883 — 1910, 1925, 1931. · Olivo, b. 1896 — 1913, the Vermont border in 1915, 1917. · Onorio, b. 1910 — 1930 and 1934. Plinio, b. 1880 — 1934 and 1952. · Peter, b. 1902 — naturalisation petitions in New York in 1931, 1936 and 1937, a passenger list in 1935, and then Passenger Lists Leaving UK 1890–1960, sailing for New York in 1939. That is not emigration. It is circulation — men who cross, work, and go home, and cross again. It is the same working life the 1679 headmen's return of the Canale di Gorto describes, three centuries later and one ocean further: «questi tre nell'Istria, luogo imperiale» becomes a Cunarder to New York. The trade changed; the pattern did not.

Four of the rows are United States, Canadian Border Crossings — Vermont: Antonio (1895–1924, and again b.1896 in 1914), Giovanni (b.1883, 1915), Olivo and Ulivo (b.1896, 1915). Vermont in those years means one thing: the granite sheds of Barre, which drew stonecutters out of northern Italy and the Adriatic by the thousand. And this archive's own man at Gračišće — Antonius Defranceschi q. Joannis, house 19 — is entered in the Status Animarum as a stonecutter. That is a resonance, not a link. None of the Vermont rows carries a birthplace in the index, and the transcripts were not bought. It is written down here so that whoever opens those transcripts knows what to look for.

The earliest cluster in the whole set is a single year. In 1882, through Italians To America: Giov, b. 1846; Angela, b. 1877; Romeo, b. 1878; Marietta, b. 1879; Teresa, b. 1881 — and an Angiola b. 1877 and a Therese b. 1881 who are the same two girls indexed twice. A man of thirty-six with four children between one and five years old. That is not a labourer going out for a season. That is a family that sold up. Nothing connects them to this line; they are here because they are the earliest thing in the file and because they are the other way of leaving.

Forty-odd rows come from the Australia, Inward, Outward & Coastal Passenger Lists, and with one exception every one of them is dated 1950 or later — 1950, 1951, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972 — landing in Western Australia, Victoria and New South Wales. Adelia, Albino, Angelo, Anna, Antonio, Assunta, Bernardino, Carol, Cesare, Douglas Enrico, Egid-A, Enrico, Gianfranco, Giordano, Giuseppe, Julie Marie, Luciano, Luigi, Mariano, Marilena, Mario, Marissa Cesira, Olga Mary, Paolo, Paula Anne, Pia, Rina, Robert, Stefano, Ubaldo. This is the assisted post-war Italian migration, and it has no eighteenth- or nineteenth-century tail at all. The one exception is worth chasing: «G de Franceschi, born 1865, New South Wales, 1893.» Sixty years before the rest, on his own, when this family's own branch was moving down to the Kvarner — and Australia is where this line eventually ends up. One row. It is queued.